The subject

The Maxillofacial anatomy covers the human central nervous system including its macroscopic, microscopic, and ultrastructural description. It also involves regions of the head and neck with particular reference to those structures innervated by the cranial nerves. It gives the morphological basis of neuroendocrine integration describing the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the endocrine organs, as well as sensory organs (including the skin). The course is to give basic morphological knowledge to further clinical studies, including neurology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, craniofacial surgery, etc.

The course consists of 2 lectures, 1 or 2 two-hour dissecting room, and 1 two-hour histology practices, weekly.In the lectures, we intend to give new information on the subject, what the students mostly cannot find in the available textbooks. These information are part of the exam material. The dissecting room and histology room practices are similar to those of Anatomy-1 and Histology-1 courses. Rules and regulations for the use of the dissecting rooms and histology labs are also known from the students' earlier studies.

The exam

Parts of the final exam

In most of the cases, the exam begins with the "cadaver walk". Then the student draws the question cards and the two slides. For technical reasons, the exam may start with drawing the questions and slides. In this case, the "cadaver walk" may temporarily interrupt the student's preparation. For preparation to answer the questions and the slides, at least a total of twenty minutes time is provided. Based on its nature, there will be no preparation time given to answer the questions during the cadaver walk.

During the exam a student "collects" five sub-scores, such as:

Evaluation

The final score of the exam is calculated on the basis of the five sub-scores described above, but it is not necessarily the arithmetic mean of the sub-scores. The orientation on the cadaver and the preparations are considered to be most important. The exam is terminated with fail as soon as the student collects the first "fail" (1) sub-score. As it was mentioned above, basic ignorance during the "cadaver walk" or general ignorance in recognition and basic characteristics of the tissues might lead to fail by itself (subscore "0").

Exam questions

Neuroanatomy 1

1. The external carotid artery and its branches.
2. The subclavian artery and its branches. The scalenotracheal fossa.
3. The veins of the head and neck. The para- and retropharyngeal spaces.
4. Sensory innervation of the head and the neck.
5. Lymphatic drainage of the head and the neck.
6. Muscle triangles in the neck and their structures.
7. Muscles of facial expression and mastication. The mechanism of chewing.
8. Topography and innervation of the salivary glands.
9. Macroscopy of the spinal cord, its meninges and blood supply.
10. Macroscopy of the brain stem and the cerebellum.
11. Description of the surfaces of the telencephalon.
12. The brain ventricles and their importance.
13. Sections of the brain (demonstration of preparations and MR images).
14. Macroscopic structure of diencephalon and basal ganglia. The Flechsig's cut.
15. The arteries and the veins of the brain. The dural sinuses. Sinus cavernosus.
16. Intracranial segments of the cranial nerves. Their exits from the brain and the skull.
17. The meninges of the brain. Circulation of the CSF. Cisternae.
18. The sympathethic nervous system.
19. The parasympathethic nervous system.
20. Main branches of spinal nerve plexuses, and the muscle groups innervated by them.
21. Blood supply, innervation and lymphatic drainage of the nasal and oral cavities.
22. The content of the orbit.
23. The parts of the ear. Auditory ossicles and their functions. The structure of the inner ear.
24. Neurocranium.
25. Viscerocranium.

Neuroanatomy 2

1. The structure of the neurons and synapses.
2. Receptors and effectors. Regeneration in the nervous system.
3. The spinal segment. The spinal nerves. The dermatomes and the Head-zones.
4. Ascending pathways of the spinal cord.
5. Descending pathways of the spinal cord.
6. The stretch reflex. The flexor withdrawal reflex.
7. Somatomotor nuclei of the brainstem.
8. Visceromotor (autonomic, vegetative) and viscerosensory nuclei of the brainstem.
9. Somatosensory nuclei of the brainstem.
10. The neurosecretion. The hypothalamo-pituitary system.
11. The nuclear groups of the diencephalon.
12. Types of cerebral cortical connections.
13. Functional cerebral cortical centers.
14. The sensory pathways.
15. The somatomotor pathways.
16. The afferent and efferent cerebellar pathways, The functions of the cerebellum.
17. The extraocular muscles and their innervation.
18. The visual pathway.
19. The lacrimal apparatus, the eyelids and the conjunctiva. The innervation of the lacrimal gland.
20. The nuclei of the vestibular and acoustic systems. Auditory pathway.
21. The innervation and blood supply of the teeth.
22. The innervation and blood supply of the tongue.
23. The topography and blood supply of the endocrine glands.

Histology slides

1. Blood smear, May-Grünwald-Giemsa
2. Red bone marrow, HE
3. Lymph node, HE
4. Spleen, HE
5. Thymus, HE
6. Palatine tonsil, HE
7. Larynx, HE
8. Trachea, HE
9. Lung, HE
10. Lip, HE
11. Fili- and fungiform papillae, HE
12. Vallate papilla, HE
13. Lingual tonsil, HE
14. Parotid gland, HE
15. Submandibular gland, HE
16. Sublingual gland, HE
17. Sublingual gland, PAS-H
18. Ground tooth, Fuchsin
19. Development of teeth (early)and the intramembraneus bone formation, HE
20. Development of teeth (early)and the intramembraneus bone formation, AzAn
21. Development of teeth (late)and the intramembraneus bone formation, HE
22. Development of teeth (late)and the intramembraneus bone formation, AzAn
23. Esophagus, HE
24. Cardia, HE
25. Fundus of stomach, HE
26. Fundus of stomach, PAS-H
27. Pylorus, HE
28. Pylorus, PAS-H
29. Duodenum, HE
30. Jejunum, HE
31. Ileum, HE
32. Colon, HE
33. Appendix vermiformis, HE
34. Rectum (fetal), HE
35. Human liver, HE
36. Human liver, AZAN
37. Bile capillaries, Golgi
38. Gall bladder, HE
39. Pancreas, HE
40. Kidney, HE
41. Kidney injected with ink, Ink-H
42. Urinary bladder, HE
43. Testis, HE
44. Epididymis, HE
45. Prostate, HE
46. Penis (pars spongiosa urethrae), HE
47. Penis (glans), HE
48. Ovary, HE
49. Ovary (corpus luteum/albicans), HE
50. Uterine tube, HE
51. Uterus proliferative, HE
52. Uterus secretory, HE
53. Placenta, HE
54. Cervix, HE
55. Vagina, HE
56. Thick skin (palm), HE
57. Skin of the armpit, HE
58. Hairy skin (scalp), HE
59. Hairy skin (scalp - horizontal cut), HE
60. Hairy skin (scalp - horizontal cut), AZAN
61. Pituitary gland, HE
62. Thyroid gland, HE
63. Parathyroid gland, HE
64. Suprarenal (adrenal) gland, HE
65. Peripheral nerve, HE
66. Peripheral nerve, OsO4
67. Sensory ganglion, HE
68. Sensory ganglion, AgNO3
69. Vegetative ganglion, AgNO3
70. Protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes, Au-sublimate
71. Spinal cord, HE
72. Cerebellum vermis, HE
73. Cerebral cortex, HE
74. Bulbus oculi, HE
75. Optic nerve, HE
76. Inner ear, HE
77. Compact bone (transverse section), Fuchsin
78. Cardiac muscle (longitudinal cut), HE
79. Aorta, HE


THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE MAXILLOFACIAL ANATOMY, NEUROANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY EXAM FOR DENTISTRY STUDENTS

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